Equipment
Rotary drum bioreactor
Laboratory anaerobic fermenter Terrafors-IS (INFORS HT) with a working volume of 0.015 m³ and the option to connect to additional equipment, such as wet-type drum flowmeters and a portable biogas analyser. The reactor features a rotating drum vessel.
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Anaerobic bioreactor
The CSTR-type anaerobic bioreactor enables laboratory testing and modelling of biogas production during wet, dry, and semi-dry anaerobic digestion under batch, continuous, and semi-continuous conditions, making it an ideal system for the research and optimisation of biogas processes.
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Portable biogas analyser
Handheld infrared/electrochemical analyser Geotechnical Instruments BIOGAS 5000.
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Moisture analyser
Moisture analyser (DLB 160-3A, KERN & SOHN GmbH) with a halogen lamp and gravimetric determination of moisture and total solids content.
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Gas flow meters
Ritter GmbH laboratory drum gas meters for total gas volume, type TG 0.5, for universal laboratory use. Calibrated for biogas. Highest measurement accuracy of ±0.5% across the entire measuring range (1-60 l/h). Suitable for use with extremely corrosive and inert gases. Real-time data acquisition on a PC.
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Set for biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests
Up to 32 anaerobic bottle bioreactors (each with a working volume of 0.001 m³) in water baths, with volumetric burettes and a portable BIOGAS 5000 biogas analyser. The reactors are made of DURAN glass. The glass burettes are manufactured according to the VDI 4630 standard.
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Incubated fermentation system
The RITTER BATCH incubator fermentation system is a newly acquired apparatus for conducting batch or fed-batch biochemical tests with volumetric measurement of gas production.
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Experimental unit for testing of catalysts in microscale
Continuous catalytic unit with a fixed-bed microreactor (stainless steel, internal diameter 5-6 mm) for the simulation of heterogeneous gas-phase reactions, particularly for waste gas purification. The unit enables the simulation of waste gas containing up to 5 different components, including water vapour. For the analysis of the inlet and outlet reaction mixtures, an N2O IR analyser (GMS800, Sick) and NO/NO2 analyser (ULTRAMAT 6, Siemens with a TESO NO2/NO converter), FTIR (Nicolet), or GC/TCD/FID are used, all of which are connected online to the unit.
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Experimental unit for catalytic oxidation and adsorption
The unit enables catalytic activity testing in a microreactor with a fixed catalyst bed, and the determination of the sorption capacities of gases and vapours on solid sorbents using simulated waste gas containing up to 5 different components. This includes water vapour and mixtures containing selected VOCs (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene) dosed via an HPLC pump followed by evaporation. The total flow rate for VOC adsorption can be up to 20 l min⁻¹. For the analysis of the inlet and outlet reaction mixtures, an FTIR (Nicolet) is available.
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Unit for testing of the photocatalysts in gas phase
Continuous catalytic unit with fixed-bed reactors (internal diameters of 6, 8, 30, and 50 mm) for the simulation of heterogeneous catalytic gas-phase reactions, particularly for waste gas purification. The unit enables the simulation of waste gas containing up to 6 different components, including water vapour. For the analysis of the inlet and outlet reaction mixtures, an N2O IR analyser (GMS800, Sick) and NO/NO2 analyser (ULTRAMAT 6, Siemens with a TESO NO2/NO converter), FTIR (Nicolet), or GC/TCD/FID are used, all of which are connected online to the unit
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Unit for testing of the photocatalysts in liquid phase
The unit consists of a stainless steel batch photoreactor; reactors of various geometries are available (V = 0.14 – 0.72 dm³). Mercury lamps or LEDs can be used as the radiation source. Stirring is applied during the experiments. Gaseous products are analysed using a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu Tracera GC-2010 Plus) equipped with a barrier discharge ionisation detector (BID). These primarily include H2, CO, and CH4.
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Unit for testing of the photocatalysts in gas phase
The unit consists of a stainless steel batch photoreactor; reactors of various geometries are available (V = 0.14 – 0.72 dm³). Mercury lamps or LEDs can be used as the radiation source. Gaseous products are analysed using a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu Tracera GC-2010 Plus) equipped with a barrier discharge ionisation detector (BID). These primarily include H2, CO, CH4, and N2O.
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Photoreactor system
The MPDS (Modulated Differential Photoacoustic Spectroscopy) photoreactor system by Peschl Ultraviolet GmbH is designed for conducting photocatalytic experiments in liquid and solid systems, enabling the testing of the photocatalytic activity of materials under various conditions, such as pH, radiation type and intensity, and the volume of the liquid phase. The system is equipped with novaLIGHT TQ 150 and novaLIGHT TXE 150 lamps, which cover a wavelength range from 200 to 800 nm and enable the photocatalytic splitting of water or CO₂ reduction. The high flexibility of the system allows experiments to be carried out under various conditions, including radiation intensity, pH, and liquid phase volume, providing the opportunity to obtain a larger amount of data from one or more measurements on the same sample. The device allows for sampling from the gas and liquid phases for subsequent analyses and the evaluation of photocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, it features a thermoCONTROL 100 cooling unit and magnetic stirring to ensure a homogeneous environment. The system complies with the European directives on machinery (2006/42/EC), electrical equipment (2014/35/EU), and electromagnetic compatibility (2014/30/EU), as well as the harmonised standards EN 61326-1:2013 and EN 61010-1:2010.
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Pilot plant apparatus for the treatment of VOCs or ammonia from waste air stream
Zařízení se skládá ze dvou stupňů, kde první stupeň je suchý fotolytický reaktor využívající silné UVC
záření (185+254 nm) k tvorbě hydroxylových radikálů a ozonu. Druhým stupněm je mokrá
fotochemická pračka, která využívá UVC záření (254 nm) spolu s roztokem peroxidu vodíku opět
k tvorbě hydroxylových radikálů. Tato technologie je vhodná k odstranění různých organických
znečišťujících látek v různých koncentracích a při různých průtocích proudu odpadního vzduchu.
Čištěný vzduch a roztok peroxidu jsou důkladně analyzovány, a to jak na vstupu do zařízení, tak také
na výstupu z něj. K analýzám je používán plynový chromatograf s plamenově-ionizačním detektorem
nebo hmotnostním detektorem (8890 GC System, Agilent Technologies Inc. nebo
GC 7890 + MSD 5975, Agilent Technologies Inc.), infračervený spektrometr s Fourierovou transformací
a 20m plynovou kyvetou (Nicolet Antaris IGS, Nicolet CZ s.r.o.), pH-metr (Multi 3420, WTW se sondou
SenTix 940–3, Xylem Inc.) a analyzátor uhlíku ve vodných vzorcích (FormacsTM HT-I, Skalar). Zařízení lze
také upravit k měření adsorpční kapacity různých materiálů.
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Chemisorption analyser
The AutoChem II 2920 is a highly automated system for catalyst characterisation. It enables the following experiments to be performed either independently or in various sequences. It is designed to offer maximum control, flexibility, and automation. All components of the equipment (e.g., mass flow controllers, valves, gas ports) allow specific conditions to be set for the desired reaction and application.
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High pressure aparatus using pressurised hot and supercritical fluids
Laboratory high-pressure apparatus equipped with high-temperature stainless steel columns (5-32 ml) for operation with subcritical water and/or pressurised hot/supercritical solvents (e.g., alcohols, dilute acids) in flow mode. Working temperature range ~25-275 °C, working pressure range ~1-40 MPa, liquid flow rate of up to 10 ml/min, with two independent working extraction ports available.
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Dip coater
Automatic coating device Coater 5 (ID LAB s.r.o., Czech Republic) for dipping a solid substrate into a liquid/suspension with a smooth upward withdrawal to apply a thin film of material, with manual adjustment of parameters such as the initial position of the substrate prior to immersion, the time delay of the substrate before immersion, the immersion speed of the substrate into the liquid/suspension down to the lowest position, the time delay of the substrate prior to withdrawal from the liquid/suspension, the withdrawal speed of the substrate to the initial position, and the repetition of the substrate immersion into the liquid/suspension if multiple layers of material are to be applied to the substrate.
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Ultrasonic bath
Medical ultrasonic bath USC-T (VWR, USA) with a volume of 2.8 l, operating at a frequency of 45 kHz, with an adjustable operating time from 1 to 99 min (in 1-minute increments), without a bath heater. To monitor the time, a red LED display lights up on the cleaner, and the cleaner automatically stops once the set time is reached.
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Kelvin probe
This is a non-contact measuring system (Instytut Fotonowy, Krakow, Poland) comprising an oscillating capacitor that consists of two electrodes; the measured sample itself acts as one electrode, while an oscillating gold grid reference electrode serves as the other. Furthermore, the device is equipped with a radiation source to illuminate the sample with radiation of varying wavelengths. Thanks to a gas-tight Faraday chamber, it enables the measurement of the electron work function in the atmosphere in which the actual photocatalytic experiments take place, thereby allowing for a better correlation between the electron work function and the photocatalytic activity itself. The instrument is equipped with a software-controlled sample slider, which enables measurements to be taken at various locations on the sample without the need to open the Faraday chamber.
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Gas chromatograph with TCD/FID
Gas chromatograph GC 7890A (Agilent) with TCD and FID detectors. The instrument is dual-channel, enabling standard injection directly into the injector or (for gas analysis) injection via a gas loop. Furthermore, the instrument is equipped with an autosampler for the serial analyses of liquid samples and a valve system enabling on-line analyses of gases (e.g., from a reactor outlet).
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Gas chromatograph with thermal desorption and MS
The system consists of a TURBOMATRIX 300 (PerkinElmer) thermal desorption (TD) unit directly connected to a GC 7890A (Agilent) chromatograph equipped with an MSD 5879 mass detector.
In thermal desorption mode, TD tubes containing sorbents, onto which known amounts of air have been sampled, can be desorbed in a controlled manner. The analytes are then transferred by a carrier gas directly onto the GC column and identified/quantified on the MSD.
The chromatograph can, of course, also be used independently without the TD unit. It is then utilised for standard analyses of both liquid and gaseous samples for identification/quantification purposes.
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Gas chromatograph with BID/TCD
Gas chromatograph Shimadzu Tracera – 2010 Plus for the trace analysis of substances in the gas phase. The system is equipped with a barrier discharge ionisation detector (BID), a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), and a ShinCarbon column for the separation of permanent gases and light hydrocarbons without the need for cryogenic cooling. The BID detector exhibits a sensitivity 100 times greater than that of the TCD. Precise injection is ensured by an automatic helium-purged valve with a 0.25 ml dosing loop. LabSolution software with multi-point calibration is utilised for the evaluation of the results.
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Pulse photoelectric spectrometer
The photoelectric spectrometer (Instytut Fotonowy, Krakow, Poland) serves as a scientific instrument for the characterisation of the photoelectric properties (photocurrent, photovoltage) of semiconductors illuminated by radiation of various wavelengths. The wavelengths of the radiation can be freely adjusted using a monochromator, which is a part of the device. The photosensitivity of the investigated semiconductor sample is obtained using an electrochemical cell that consists of three electrodes and is illuminated by a water-cooled 150 W xenon lamp. The working electrode is an ITO PET film (a mixture of SnO2 and In2O3) coated with a thin layer of the investigated material with an area of 0.785 cm², the reference Ag/AgCl electrode is in contact with the electrolyte (0.1 M KNO3), and a Pt wire serves as the counter electrode. The advanced spectrometer software enables the direct recording of photocurrent action spectra and also allows for the determination of the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) and, using an integrating sphere, the absorbed photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (APCE) as a function of wavelength and bias potential. The ability to measure the photocurrent under white light illumination will enable a comparison to determine whether the reduction of the band gap energy was successful.
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FT infrared spectrometer
Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (Thermo Scientific™ Antaris™ IGS Gas Analyzer) simultaneously analysing multiple gases (more than 100). It is equipped with a heated gas cell with an optical path length of 10 m, gas pressure and temperature measurement and control, gold mirrors, and ZnSe windows. It enables measurements in the spectral range of 4000 – 660 cm⁻¹ and provides quantitative results in real time.
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TOC analyser
The total organic carbon analyser (Formacs™ HT-I, Skalar, Netherlands) serves as a scientific instrument for measuring the carbon content (total, organic, and inorganic) in aqueous samples, including suspensions. The analyser operates on the principle of high-temperature catalytic combustion, followed by the detection of carbon dioxide in the combustion gases using an infrared detector. By means of calibrations, the instrument can evaluate the signal from the infrared detector and determine the carbon content in a given sample within the range of 0.1 – 1000 mg/L.
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TPD set-up with GC/FID analyser
Continuous laboratory unit with a quartz fixed-bed microreactor (internal diameter 4 mm, length 55–60 cm) for the characterisation of catalysts by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of organic substances (e.g., anisole, guaiacol, toluene), including the measurement of their breakthrough curves and the option of sample pre-reduction with hydrogen.
The unit includes a MASTER gas chromatograph (DANI, custom modifications/supplier Chromservis) with a flame ionisation detector (FID), which is connected online to the unit and enables the continuous injection and analysis of gas mixtures in either analyser or gas chromatographic mode via a gas loop. The GC features an MXT-1 column (internal diameter 0.53 mm, film 7 μm, length 15 m).
Lyophilizer
The laboratory freeze dryer of this series is designed for both common routine applications and advanced drying, featuring the option of programmable semi-automatic control. The instruments offer a freezing capacity of 2-4 kg/24h with a condenser temperature of -110°C. The condenser and top plate are made of chemically resistant stainless steel and welded into a single piece, with the cooling circuit located within the condenser wall. This design provides a large condensation surface and, thanks to its smooth construction without seals or ridges, ensures a long service life and easy cleaning. The system also enables automatic vacuum control, recording of the drying process onto a USB memory drive, process control using 25 drying programmes, and communication via an RS232 connection or an Ethernet network.
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Laboratory scale batch microwave pyrolysis reactor
The laboratory microwave pyrolysis reactor is primarily used for the thermal decomposition of materials (biomass, plastics, etc.) using microwave heating. To heat the material to a high temperature, it is necessary to add an adsorbent, most commonly in the form of a carbonaceous material produced by conventional pyrolysis. The microwave reactor is equipped with a cooler and a condensate vessel. The gas is purified through a series of gas washing bottles before being transferred into Tedlar bags.
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Laboratory scale batch pyrolysis reactor
The laboratory batch pyrolysis reactor is primarily used for the thermal decomposition of biomass as a preliminary step prior to its processing in the Continuous Pilot Pyrolysis Unit. The equipment consists of an electric furnace with a pyrolysis reactor. The temperature programme of the furnace can be adjusted as required (heating rate, temperature, residence time at the final temperature, intermediate steps, etc.). The apparatus is equipped with a cooler and a condensate vessel. Before being collected into Tedlar® bags, the gases pass through a series of gas washing bottles.
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Microwave device with power control for precise material heating
The microwave device serves as a scientific instrument for the direct and indirect heating of materials within the range of 0 - 1100 °C. The material can be heated in various environments, such as inert, oxidising, and reducing, depending on the processes being investigated. The microwave device, featuring power control for precise heating, is equipped with a microwave generator with an output of at least 1 kW, which ensures a homogeneous environment at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. It is fitted with an IR sensor for precise temperature measurement (recording). The large-volume working cavity (>50 l) allows for operation with a larger quantity of the investigated sample; thus, it can be utilised for monitoring material decomposition/treatment processes on a larger scale. The microwave device features a port in its casing with a diameter of at least 30 mm, which allows a portion of the apparatus to be positioned outside the microwave radiation. Positioning a part of the apparatus externally increases the potential versatility of the device and enables the sampling of gaseous products. This is a unique microwave device that is not commercially available.
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Pilot scale continuous pyrolysis unit for biomass treatment
The continuous pilot pyrolysis unit is primarily used for the thermal decomposition of biomass and the production of biochar. The equipment consists of a hopper or a pellet feeder (depending on the type of feedstock). The material is then moved through the pyrolysis reactor by means of a screw conveyor, enabling the control of the residence time of the biomass in the thermal zone. The resulting solid residue falls into a discharge hopper. The pyrolysis vapours and gases are routed to a tubular condenser and a wet scrubber, where liquid products are separated from the gas. The pyrolysis reactor is electrically heated, and the unit is equipped with the capability to measure electrical energy consumption.
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Plasma (Gliding Arc) process module for VOC removal
A gliding arc discharge is generated between three electrodes. A fourth ignition electrode is positioned on the nozzle in the vicinity of the electrodes. The length of the electrodes is 150 mm. The electrodes are housed in a stainless steel reactor with a diameter of 150 mm and a length of 800 mm.
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One and two-stage test rigs for thermo-catalytic pyrolysis
The single-stage testing apparatus consists of a glass reactor, a cooler, and a condensate flask. Heating of the reactor is provided by a vertical muffle furnace equipped with a temperature controller. In the two-stage apparatus, alongside the primary reactor heated by the vertical muffle furnace, a secondary reactor is incorporated in the form of an additional glass tube heated by a circular heating mantle. In both setups, the condensate flask is placed in a bowl-shaped Dewar vessel, in which dry ice is used as the cooling medium. The gases generated during pyrolysis are collected in Tedlar® bags. Both liquid and gaseous products are immediately analysed chromatographically.
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High-pressure reactor
The laboratory reactor is equipped with a PTFE liner with capacities of 75, 100, and 150 ml and features a digital pressure and temperature measurement system. Its operational parameters allow temperatures of up to 250 °C and pressures of up to 200 bar to be reached, while stirring speed regulation is also provided. The device is fitted with two Swagelok needle valve assemblies serving as the filling valve and the bottom liquid sample extraction valve, and additionally features a discharge valve with a pressure safety valve connected to a steel hose designed for safe discharge into the exhaust system.
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Automatic Karl Fisher titrator
The automatic Karl Fischer titrator TitroLine® 7500 KF (SI Analytics) is a volumetric titrator for water determination suitable for almost all sample types. Iodine is added via a piston burette. Solvent and waste removal is carried out using a pump/stirrer to prevent any manual handling. The instrument is designed for fast, easy, and precise use and features statistical functions including the mean value and relative standard deviation. The units of measurement are adjustable.
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Gas chromatograph equipped with TCD/FID/MS
A gas chromatograph with FID/TCD/MS is a device for the separation and analysis of liquid samples by mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer is a single quadrupole which, in combination with the NIST library, enables the analysis and identification of unknown substances. Using selected ion monitoring (the SIM mode), it is possible to identify even very low concentrations of e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The chromatograph is equipped with a 16-sample autosampler.
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Gas chromatograph with FID and autosampler
A gas chromatograph with FID and an autosampler is a device for the separation and analysis of liquid samples using a flame ionisation detector (FID). The FID is used for the detection of liquid hydrocarbons. The gas chromatograph includes an autosampler for 100 liquid sample vials. The respective separation of substances is then carried out based on a suitable chromatographic column program and oven temperature.
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Position-adjustable furnaces
A Nabertherm tube furnace with an adjustable position reaches a maximum temperature of 1100 °C, with the heating rate adjustable over a wide range from 1 °C/h up to 1500 °C/h. The total tube length is 360 mm, with a heated length of 250 mm and an isothermal zone of 80 mm. The device is operated via a clear touchscreen with the option to select the language (CZE, ENG, DE) every time the furnace is switched on. For advanced data management and PC connection, the furnace is equipped with USB connectivity.
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Continuously operating pilot-scale waste incinerator
The SLK 100 experimental combustion unit with a capacity of up to 35 kg·h⁻¹ uses a rotary reaction chamber and a downstream afterburning chamber. Solid fuel is fed by a screw or piston feeder into the rotary chamber (0.8–8.0 rpm), where thermal processing takes place at temperatures of up to 850 °C (min. 600 °C) supported by a Weishaupt WG20N gas burner (50–190 kW). The resulting flue gases proceed into the afterburning chamber (up to 1150 °C, min. 850 °C) with a Weishaupt WG30N burner (65–250 kW).
The entire route is maintained under negative pressure, and the flue gases leave via a cooler, an ALFA-JET fabric filter (surface area 30.5 m²) and an exhaust chimney. The unit is equipped with an automatic sorbent feeder (capacity 30 kg, e.g. calcium hydroxide 0.6–2.4 kg·h⁻¹), the option of gaseous ammonia dosing (0.5–5.0 l·min⁻¹) and a system for continuous flue gas monitoring (CO₂, O₂, CO, NOx, SO₂, CxHy) including apparatus for sampling particulate matter, heavy metals or organic pollutants.
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Equipment for sample preparation (mills, crusher, scales)
A wide range of laboratory mills, crushers and balances is used for sample preparation. For crushing materials such as coal, coke or concrete, a TESTCHEM KS jaw crusher is available, while a TESTCHEM LMZ disc mill is used for coarse grinding to fine milling of hard samples. TESTCHEM LMN-180 and LMN-100 knife mills are used for the coarse grinding of plastics or dry biomass, the TESTCHEM PZS 01 vibration mill for the fine milling of a wide range of materials, and the RETSCH CryoMill cryogenic ball mill for grinding frozen samples. The preparation of analytical samples is ensured by IKA M20 and IKA TubeMillControl devices. The laboratory equipment is complemented by various assemblies for sieve analysis and sample pelletising, together with analytical and platform balances from KERN, Ohaus and other brands.
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Thermogravimetric analyser
The TGA 701 thermogravimetric analyser (LECO) features an easy-to-use, menu-driven software programme that allows analytical methods to be customised to suit most analytical applications. For each step, the temperature, heating rate and atmosphere can be selected. Analytical methods can be set up to perform moisture, volatile matter, ash or other component analyses. Additional menus allow sample mass loss and temperature to be displayed. The key to the automated analysis capability is a multi-sample furnace; up to a 19-position LECO sample carousel and balance pedestal are housed within the furnace. All weighing is carried out automatically.
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Total organic carbon/carbon phase analyser
The RC612 (LECO) organic and phase carbon analyser for soil, rocks and shales is commonly used for locating natural hydrocarbon fossil fuel deposits, for the quality control of construction raw materials and for assessing soil quality in agriculture. Direct TOC measurement is difficult due to the unique properties of soil, rocks and shales, and must therefore be performed either via acid digestion or a differential method.
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Elementar analyser C, H, N, S, O
A C, H, S, N elemental analyser is an instrument for the determination of elemental carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen by combustion. Pure oxygen, which is used in the furnace, guarantees complete combustion. The combustion gas collection and handling system reduces overall analysis costs and extends reagent life. Infrared cells are used for the detection of H₂O and CO₂, while a thermal conductivity cell is used for the detection of nitrogen. An additional sulphur module provides independent determination of sulphur in macro samples (350 mg).
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Semiautomatic calorimeter
The AC600 (LECO) calorimeter determines the calorific value of a sample by precisely measuring the heat released following the combustion of the sample in a controlled environment. The heat released is proportional to leftmost/calorific value of the substance. The analysis time is less than 10 minutes per sample while maintaining high precision.
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Device for monitoring of waste volume stability
A device for monitoring the volume stability of waste induced by water action. The testing equipment consists of a stainless steel water tank connected to reaction vessels for holding the sample. This assembly is placed in a sand bath, in which the temperature can be controlled during the test. The device includes a temperature sensor that measures the temperature of the samples, the sand bath and the water in the tank in the range of 0 °C to 100 °C. A laser distance sensor is on a tripod and enables non-contact measurement of the sample height change in the reaction vessel.
Continuous data collection takes place according to a selected time interval. The collection of temperature and distance sensor data is adapted for the continuous recording of sample height and the temperature of the sand and water. All sensor outputs are transmitted and stored on a computer.
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Presser for compressive strength and flexural strength determination
A compression and flexural testing machine with a dual measuring range of 500/15 kN, featuring a motorised Servo-Plus Evolution control unit (fully automatic model) for cement and mortar samples, bricks, stones, refractory materials, etc. The device consists of a Servo-Plus Evolution compression and flexural testing machine and a touchscreen display used to set the required test parameters.
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Gas chromatograph with BID/TCD
A Shimadzu Tracera 2010 Plus gas chromatograph for trace analysis of substances in the gas phase. The system is equipped with a barrier discharge ionisation detector (BID), a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a ShinCarbon column for the separation of permanent gases and low hydrocarbons without the need for cryogenic cooling. The BID detector exhibits 100 times higher sensitivity than the TCD. An automatic helium-flushed valve with a 0.25 ml sample loop ensures accurate injection. LabSolution software with multi-point calibration is used to evaluate the results.
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Thermogravimetric analyser
The TGA 701 thermogravimetric analyser (LECO) features an easy-to-use, menu-driven software programme that allows analytical methods to be customised to suit most analytical applications. For each step, the temperature, heating rate and atmosphere can be selected. Analytical methods can be set up to perform moisture, volatile matter, ash or other component analyses. Additional menus allow sample mass loss and temperature to be displayed. The key to the automated analysis capability is a multi-sample furnace; up to a 19-position LECO sample carousel and balance pedestal are housed within the furnace. All weighing is carried out automatically.
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Pulse photoelectric spectrometer
The photoelectric spectrometer (Instytut Fotonowy, Krakow, Poland) serves as a scientific instrument for characterising the photoelectric properties (photocurrent, photovoltage) of semiconductors illuminated by radiation of various wavelengths. The wavelengths of the radiation can be freely adjusted using a monochromator that is part of the device. The photosensitivity of the tested semiconductor sample is obtained using an electrochemical cell consisting of three electrodes, which is irradiated by a water-cooled 150 W xenon lamp. The working electrode is an ITO PET foil (a mixture of SnO₂ and In₂O₃) with a deposited thin layer of the tested material with an area of 0.785 cm², the reference Ag/AgCl electrode is in contact with the electrolyte (0.1 M KNO₃), and a Pt wire serves as the counter electrode. The advanced spectrometer software enables the direct recording of photocurrent action spectra and also makes it possible to determine the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) and, with an integrating sphere, the absorbed photon-to-current conversion efficiency (APCE) as a function of wavelength and bias potential.
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Atomic absorption spectrometer
The contrAA 700 atomic absorption spectrometer, controlled via computer software, provides a high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry system for flame and graphite tube techniques. Simple and robust routine analysis is enabled by rapid sequential multi-element analysis using flame techniques. Rapid multi-element analysis uses a xenon short-arc lamp as a continuous source for all elements. Interference-free analysis is ensured by high-resolution optics and advanced correction algorithms for complex spectral interferences, allowing clear separation of analytical lines.
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Surface plasmon resonance imaging
The OpenPlex (Horiba) is a flexible imaging surface plasmon resonance system used for developing methods to study biomolecular interactions without the need for labelling, as well as for the detection of molecules present in aqueous samples at low concentrations. This method enables numerous types of experiments in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry and biomolecular interactions. The instrument is equipped with a unique system for determining membrane permeability to organic compounds and water. The instrument is further equipped with a device for precise manual sample deposition and an autosampler.
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X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
The XEPOS energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (SPECTRO, Germany) is suitable for rapid semi-quantitative elemental analysis of solid or liquid samples. Optimal excitation using polarisation and secondary targets, an autosampler for up to 12 items and intelligent software modules ensure high sensitivity and accuracy for the entire range of elements from Na to U in solid samples and from Mg to U in liquid samples.
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X-ray powder diffractometer
The SmartLab (RIGAKU, Japan) automatic multipurpose X-ray diffractometer (XRD) features Guidance software. The instrument can be switched between focusing (Bragg-Brentano) and parallel beam geometries, with a Co tube serving as the radiation source. The instrument is equipped with a D/tex Ultra 250 position-sensitive 1D detector, which reduces measurement time by nearly 50% compared to competing detectors. The PDXL2 evaluation software is linked with the PDF-2 database for rapid phase identification.
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FT infrared spectrometer
A Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (Thermo Scientific™ Antaris™ IGS Gas Analyzer) simultaneously analysing multiple gases (more than 100). It is equipped with a heated multi-pass gas cell with a 10 m optical path length, gas pressure and temperature measurement and control, gold mirrors and ZnSe windows. It enables measurements in the wavelength range of 4000 – 660 cm⁻¹ and provides quantitative results in real time.
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High-performance liquid chromatograph
A Shimadzu liquid chromatograph is used for the separation of individual components of a mixture. The components are distributed between the stationary and mobile phases, subsequently allowing for their identification and determination of concentration.
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Chemisorption analyser
The AutoChem II 2920 is a highly automated system for catalyst characterisation. It enables the following experiments to be performed independently or in various sequences. It is designed to offer maximum control, flexibility and automation. All parts of the device (e.g. mass flow controllers, valves, gas ports) allow specific conditions to be set for the required reaction and application.
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Gas chromatograph with FID/TCD/MS
A gas chromatograph with FID/TCD/MS is a device for the separation and analysis of liquid samples by mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer is a single quadrupole which, in combination with the NIST library, enables the analysis and identification of unknown substances. Using selected ion monitoring (the SIM mode), it is possible to identify even very low concentrations of e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The chromatograph is equipped with a 16-sample autosampler.
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Physical sorption porosimeter
The 3Flex commercial physisorption apparatus (Micromeritics, USA) for determining the textural properties of solid materials by the volumetric method using physisorption of inert gases (nitrogen at 77 K, krypton at 77 K, argon at 87 K). The physisorption apparatus consists of two main parts: a degassing unit for drying 6 samples (up to 350 °C) with their simultaneous degassing under vacuum (0.06 mbar) to remove physisorbed moisture, and a static adsorption measurement unit (operating in the range p/p_0∼10^(−7) "--"0.995, as well as other accessories such as an oil pump, a turbomolecular pump and a liquid nitrogen/argon reservoir.
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Automatic gas pycnometer
The Pycnomatic ATC automatic helium pycnometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) provides fast and accurate results for determining the true density of powders and solids. It is a unique device thanks to integrated temperature control, which prevents volume changes caused by temperature fluctuations during the test. To determine the true density, it is possible to choose from 5 chambers of various volumes for holding the sample.
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UV/VIS spectrophotometer
A double-beam spectrophotometer with five slit widths and a double monochromator for stray light reduction. Ideal for turbid samples with moderately high absorption.
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Elementar analyser
A C, H, S, N elemental analyser is an instrument for the determination of elemental carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen by combustion. Pure oxygen, which is used in the furnace, guarantees complete combustion. The combustion gas collection and handling system reduces overall analysis costs and extends reagent life. Infrared cells are used for the detection of H₂O and CO₂, while a thermal conductivity cell is used for the detection of nitrogen. An additional sulphur module provides independent determination of sulphur in macro samples (350 mg).
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Kelvin probe
This is a non-contact measurement system (Instytut Fotonowy, Krakow, Poland) comprising an oscillating capacitor consisting of two electrodes, where the measured sample itself acts as one electrode and an oscillating reference electrode made of a gold mesh serves as the other. Furthermore, the device is equipped with a radiation source for illuminating the sample with radiation of various wavelengths.
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Total organic carbon/carbon phase analyser
The RC612 (LECO) organic and phase carbon analyser for soil, rocks and shales is commonly used for locating natural hydrocarbon fossil fuel deposits, for the quality control of construction raw materials and for assessing soil quality in agriculture. Direct TOC measurement is difficult due to the unique properties of soil, rocks and shales, and must therefore be performed either via acid digestion or a differential method.
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Semiautomatic calorimeter
The AC600 calorimeter (LECO) determines the calorific value of a sample by precisely measuring the heat released upon combustion of the sample in a controlled environment. The released heat is proportional to the calorific value of the substance. The analysis time is less than 10 minutes per sample whilst maintaining high precision.
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Microwave reactor
The ETHOS UP microwave digestion system enables the digestion of organic and inorganic samples for analysis using an atomic absorption spectrometer or for the synthesis of organic and inorganic substances.
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Ion chromatograph with conductivity detection
The Metrohm Eco IC ion chromatograph is used for the determination of anions in aqueous samples or aqueous extracts. The components are distributed between the stationary and mobile phases, subsequently allowing for their identification and determination of concentration. The chromatograph is equipped with a 36-sample autosampler.
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Liquid Chromatograph – Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-TQ)
The Shimadzu Nexera X2 liquid chromatograph with SCIEX QTRAP 6500+ triple quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometric detection is suitable for the trace analysis of organic micropollutants.
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Gas sampling equipment
The NUTECH 2101DS equipment is designed for canister sampling and subsequent sample processing, including the cleaning, evacuation and preparation of canisters for further sampling. The prepared sampling canisters are evacuated and allow for field sampling without the use of sampling pumps. The canister volume is 6 litres, with a pressure rating of up to 40 psig (2.75 bar). The interior surface of the canisters is inertised to prevent sorption and reactions on the metal surface. Equipment for sorbent sampling (both conventional and thermal desorption [TD] sorbents) includes sampling pumps, which enable both personal and controlled field sampling. Sampling into Tedlar bags, also using sampling pumps, is utilised for environmental and workplace atmosphere monitoring.
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FTIR for solid and liquid samples
The Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS10 FT-IR spectrometer for measurements in the wavenumber range of 500 – 4000 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 2 cm⁻¹, featuring a choice of ATR or transmission mode. It enables the analysis of liquid and solid (powder) samples.
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Refrigerated centrifuge
A benchtop refrigerated centrifuge designed for centrifuging liquid samples with a maximum RCF (relative centrifugal force) of 20,913 x g. The FastTemp function enables rapid pre-cooling, while continuous cooling maintains a constant temperature even after the centrifugation cycle has finished. The centrifuge automatically recognises the rotor type and detects rotor imbalance for maximum operational safety.
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Scanning electron microscope
The Tescan Vega scanning electron microscope is equipped with secondary electron (SE), backscattered electron (BSE) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detectors, making it suitable for the analysis of various types of materials, including inorganic, organic and dry biological samples, as well as metallurgical and geological materials in both powder and bulk form. The maximum sample size is 40 x 40 mm (width x height). The system allows for sample tilting (72°) and rotation (360°). For non-conductive materials, gold coating is performed prior to analysis using a Quorum Q150R ES plus sputter coater.
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Optical microscope
The ZEISS Axioscope 5 is an advanced optical microscope designed for environmental and biological laboratories, combining intuitive operation with high-quality optics. The microscope uses transmitted light to observe detailed structures in both stained and unstained samples. Fluorescence microscopy with the Colibri 5 LED module enables straightforward multi-channel image acquisition (UV, blue, green, red and others), making it ideal for the identification of specific cells or contaminants.
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Raman microscope
The Thermo Fisher DXR3xi Raman microscope is a high-performance dispersive Raman spectrometer designed for advanced materials characterisation. The instrument operates with laser excitation at various wavelengths and provides high spatial resolution for both point and imaging Raman spectroscopy. It is equipped with an automated microscope stage for precise sample positioning and is optimised for non-destructive chemical and structural analysis.
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Automated FTIR imaging microscope
The LUMOS II automated imaging FTIR microscope (Bruker, USA), equipped with a Focal Plane Array (FPA) flat detector amongst other features, combines digital microscopy with infrared spectroscopy. The LUMOS II is a fully robotised, joystick-operated microscope that enables measurements in transmission, reflection and ATR modes. Detection is possible using either a TE-MCT detector or an FPA detector (cooled with liquid N₂), which allows for the creation of chemical maps. Thanks to the microscope's design, it is possible to analyse both large samples without the need for prior preparation (whole objects, e.g. paintings, food packaging, etc.) and samples on special IR-transparent filters (e.g. made of aluminium oxide). As our primary interest is the analysis of microplastics in the environment, the standard OPUS software designed for data acquisition is complemented by Purency software, which uses advanced algorithms to evaluate the chemical map obtained via FPA detection and assesses the presence of 20 selected polymers specifically. The analysis is very fast compared to other commercially available alternatives; depending on the size of the measured area, the entire measurement and evaluation cycle using Purency software takes 2 to 4 hours per sample.
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Ultrapure water purification system
The Labaqua Bio instrument by BioSan enables the production of pure and ultrapure water from tap water. It produces water with a very low content of organic compounds and RNases/DNases, which is intended for use in molecular biology, including RNase-sensitive applications. Ultrapure water produced by the Labaqua system meets the requirements of all relevant standards (ISO 3696 Grade 1, ASTM Type I, CLSI Type I). Pure water produced by Labaqua systems meets the requirements of the ISO 3696 standard for Grade 2.
Analyzer of stable carbon isotopes in CO2 and CH4
The Picarro G2201-i analyser enables the measurement of stable carbon isotopes in CH₄ and CO₂ without the need for their separation. The analyser operates in one of three modes:
- CO₂ only,
- CH₄ only,
- a combination of CO₂ and CH₄.
In all modes, the analyser accurately measures CO₂, H₂O and CH₄ concentrations with fewer calibration interventions than other instruments operating on the principle of spectral absorption. Trace gas analysis is based on Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). In conventional infrared spectrometers, trace gases provide too little absorption for measurement, which is typically limiting. CRDS avoids this sensitivity limitation by using an effective path length of many kilometres. It enables gas monitoring within seconds or less at the ppm level, and certain gases at the ppb level.
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Pressure liquid extractor
The Dionex ASE 350 accelerated solvent extractor (Thermo Fisher Scientific) is used for the extraction of organic and inorganic substances from solid samples such as sludges, sediments, waste, plastics and biological matrices. Sample amounts ranging from 1 to 100 g can be used for extraction, depending on the size of the extraction cell. Up to three different solvents or solutions can be used for the extraction. A high-pressure liquid pump pumps the solvent at pressures of up to 10 MPa into the stainless-steel extraction cell containing the sample. The cell can also be heated up to 200 °C. The extraction at elevated pressure and temperature can be repeated. The extract is discharged through a filter into a 60 ml or 250 ml collection vial. Residual extract is purged from the extraction cell using nitrogen gas. The extractor can be controlled via a keypad with an LCD panel or from a PC using Chromeleon software.
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Simultaneous thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) with autosampler and connection to FTIR cell
The simultaneous thermal analyser (TGA/DSC) with an autosampler and an FTIR cell coupling enables the comprehensive study of the thermal properties and decomposition processes of materials, including the identification of evolved gases. The instrument is suitable for analysing mass changes (TGA) and thermal effects (DSC), such as decomposition, oxidation, phase transitions, and the determination of melting and glass transition temperatures. Thanks to the coupling with FTIR spectroscopy, gases generated during heating (e.g., CO₂, H₂O, organic compounds) can be simultaneously and qualitatively analysed, enabling a detailed understanding of degradation mechanisms.
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Dynamic light scattering analyzer
A dynamic light scattering analyser is an instrument based on photon correlation spectroscopy. It enables the measurement of particle size, molecular weight and zeta potential.